Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood

The following reviews the value of understanding human development over a lifetime and highlights key theories from within the first five years of life as recognized in the Seasons of Life video series. Included is a reflection on a theory of attachment, three clocks that influence life, temperament and early memories. How these theories pertain to the individual‘s early development and effects in later years will be discussed along with the author’s personal opinion. Seasons of Life: Early Perspective What appears to be universally interesting about life is people. This is evidenced by the large amount of information, resources and theories that surround people and their development. The video series Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood (1990) highlight key elements in early development and their effects that contribute toward the individual throughout their life. One theory mentioned in Seasons of Life, is that of attachment. John Bowlby expressed that innately humans are equipped at birth to cause attachment to their caregivers. If the attachment is successful the cycle should continue, acting as the foundation for healthy, successful relationships throughout the lifespan (Bowlby, 1982). Each of the child subjects in the Seasons of Life appeared to have successful attachment to their caregiver. This was regardless of whether the child stayed primarily in the home for care and was surrounded with extended family, had few local relatives, spent time in day care or had a grandparent as a main caregiver. Also reviewed in the film were three clocks that caused influence in people’s lives. The first was a biological clock. This clock was said to have the strongest influence early on, and as early as in the womb. The second was a social clock. This clock was described as society’s age related expectations of the individual at any given time (Berk, 2010). For example that people should marry in their twenties then follow with having children, et cetera. The social clock was also described as evolving with societal changes in expectations. The psychological clock was listed third and described as the passage of time in people’s lives. This timekeeper could drive people to become themselves. Examples stated were of feeling an age rather than the actual years lived and where evidence of deep long-lasting emotional attachment could be revealed in later years. Another aspect of development highlighted was temperament. A wide range of child temperaments were represented in the film. It was discussed that these dispositions would remain with the children throughout their years. Some were seen as relaxed and easy-going and others were challenging and determined. The narrator discussed that the temperaments seen in early months and years might serve the children later on toward reaching their goals. Additionally mentioned in the video, and perhaps the most impactful for me, was that the individuals search for the meaning of self could and would be directed back to their earliest memories. Concrete memories were mentioned to be available beginning around 3 to 4 years of age. Of all the information available in Seasons of Life, that of correlating my feelings of self and my earliest memories was overwhelming. As the narrator spoke, my mind wandered over many memories that, now I understand, forged much of what I have become today. Some were bitter, others sweet, and they all held an interesting explanation of why and how I have become me. I greatly enjoyed watching Seasons of Life. With a smile, I was really happy to see Mr. Rogers one more time. I have since forwarded along the website to many in the hopes it will shed light on a current struggle or awaken an understanding, just as it has for me. I plan on employing these new resources in my interactions with family and those around me while anticipating what the next episode has to offer.

Buying of Private Brands and Manufacture of Brands

Johanson and Burt article provides an analysis on recent decades’ trend of private labeled brands in European retail outlets—the trend is also gaining pace in North America.The authors are specifically interested in finding similarities and differences of purchasing processes of private brands verses those owned by independent manufacturers. Private brands are hereby taken to mean good, usually foodstuffs that bear retailers name. Johanson and Burt highlight find that initial introduction of these brands into retailers’ shelves was marked with low quality and low prices.However, continued trade of these products has gradually been companied by improved quality to an extent of private brands becoming part of mainstream retailing business. For instance, private brands constitute of 40-50 percent of merchandise sold in British retail outlets (Johanson & Burt 2000). This is in consideration that competitive pressure in retailing industry has sent participants out loo king for ways to increase profit margins.Private brands have also been mentioned as sources of more variety of merchandise and therefore consumer choice at respective outlets (Bass & Binder 2008). Players in the industry have therefore embarked on competing on the provision of low priced private brands, as well as increasing these brands’ loyalty in their already existing customer base.The purchasing of own private brands comes with greater responsibilities on companies and therefore complicate individual retail outlets’ operations. This is in consideration the on other brands, retailers are used to just ordering merchandise from respective manufacturers, but the new approach require retail management to be involved in every step of product development.For instance, retailers have to bore the responsibility of designing private brands, looking for manufacturers (or processors in the case of foodstuffs) and transporters to individual stores, as well as dealing with non sold items.The authors expressed fear that preoccupation with the above processes could derail retailers from their traditional occupation of buying and selling of merchandise and therefore suffer through decreased profit margins, especially because of the extra costs involved.However, private brands have the advantage of the greater amount of market information held by respective retailers. Indeed, shopping chains are more likely to undertaking deep research on merchandise that would fetch most profit margins as private brands (Mattsson 2008). Secondly, the heavy market powers held by private owners are more likely to attract discounts from manufactures and other businesses involved.Many are the companies that scrabble for contracts for manufacture or processing of private brands. Johanson and Burt (2000) have mentioned that success in private brands depend on three forms of integration within individual retail chains.First is vertical integration, which means coordination between retail chain and individual store outlet—this is important in developing efficient processes of moving private brands to from low demand to high demand territories.Second is the horizontal integration which comes to play when the retail chain has many stores that need to interact with each other. Efficient integration between different stores in the same chain and stakeholders is therefore central to successful private branding in retail stores. Johanson and Burt have did, in their article find integration as what has caused British chains to reap higher revenues through private brands.ReferencesBass, A. & Binder, S., 2008, Retail Space Invaders, Available At:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.brandchannel.com/papers_review.asp?sp_id=775Mattsson, A., 2008, Global Retailers Increase Private Brand Goods, Available At:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.intertek- etlsemko.com/portal/page/cust_portal/ITK_PGR/ABOUT_INTERTEK_ETL_PG/  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   OUR _NEWSROOM_PG/UPDATE_NEWSLETTER_PG/Update_2002/SUM02_  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   global_retail_article

About the United States Constitution Essay

Essay 1 The Constitution of the United States created the form of government known as federalism. The national and state governments each have specific powers and functions, while also sharing some of the same powers. The Constitution made the agreement that any laws passed under the constitution would be the supreme law of the land. Three separate branches were created; the legislative, executive, and judicial. **********The new Constitution resolved the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation to the extent that it created a new system of government that was equipped with the necessary powers needed to implement changes through compromises, the passing of laws, and the levying of taxes. During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to discuss the difficult problems the new nation faced. The Framers decided that in order to facilitate change within the nation, the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced with a new plan for government that would give the federal government more power to implement the changes necessary for the progression of the nation. The next step was to devise a plan for the government that would be accepted by the people of the nation. A series of compromises, known as the Three-Fifths Compromise, and the Great Compromise, were created. The Virginia Plan, created by James Madison, included an executive branch, courts, and a bicameral legislature where representation in each house of Congress would be based on each state’s population. This plan enticed delegates from heavily populated states such as, New York; however, the small states feared a government subjugated by the large states would give them no say. The New Jersey Plan, devised by delegates from the smaller states, included a unicameral legislature in which states would have equal representation. Within this plan, Congress had the power to set taxes and regulate trade, which were powers it did not have under the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was not accepted because ******larger states thought they should have more power. After six rigorous weeks, *the delegates came to a compromise later known as the Great Compromise. The compromise proposed that Congress have two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives, in which the Senate granted equal representation and the House granted representation based on population. In the Articles of Confederation, there was only *one vote per state. To pass laws, nine out of the thirteen colonies had to be in  favor of it and to make amendments; all thirteen colonies had to be in favor of the idea. The Great Compromise included that two thirds of the Senate and the House had to agree on a law or an amendment for it to be passed which was much easier. The compromise pleased both groups, but they were not completely satisfied. The Great Compromise directly dealt with the weaknesses within the Articles of Confederation and for this reason it gained popularity. The Three-Fifths Compromise came about after the Great Compromise which answered some of the remaining questions such as, who could vote. The compromise stated that every five enslaved persons counted for three free persons therefore, three-fifths of the slave population in each state would be used in determining representation in Congress. Americans were not all in favor of the Constitution at first, they were known as Anti-Federalists. They thought that the document would take away their liberties that Americans had fought hard to win from Great Britain. Their main argument was the new Constitution would create a strong, federal government and ignore the states and it lacked a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms. Those who were supporters of the document called themselves Federalists. They believed the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the states. The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, was what won the Anti-Federalist’s support of the document. In a series of essays, they argued that the United States wouldn’t survive without a strong federal government and reassured the document would protect their nation. Both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists came to the conclusion that if the Constitution was adopted, the new government would add a bill of rights. The Constitution was completely ratified in 1790 which made the thirteen independent states a united nation, The United States of America. The new Constitution created a framework for the government, which was the something the Articles of Confederation lacked. Three branches within the legislative were created to make sure the federal government would stay stable. Each branch had specific powers while also having the ability to check the powers of the other two branches. The legislative branch, also known as Congre ss, made the laws. The executive branch enforced the laws and is headed by a president and vice president. The judicial system was created in which the  supreme court of the U.S would have the final say as to the constitutionality of laws. In order to avoid one of the branches from gaining too much power, the Framers included a system of checks and balances. This system allowed each branch of government to limit the power of the others. Therefore, the new Constitution resolved the weaknesses of the articles of confederation to the extent that it created a new system of government that was equipped with the necessary powers needed to implement changes through compromises, the passing of laws, and the levying of taxes. The government was able to tax and secure individual freedoms. The thirteen independent states became one nation, The United States of America. Although, not all of the problems of the Articles of Confederation were resolved, the new Constitution created a foundation for our government today.

Corning Glass Work Case Study Essay

1. Enumerate the conditions why Corning had to undergo the series of structural changes. Following the international growth and expansion of Corning, the following problems were being faced in the organization’s structure and management processes: i) With the international expansion of CGW, the company was becoming too big and complex to be managed by its current structure. Hence a need was felt to create the international arm as a separate legal entity and hence Corning International Corporation (CIC) was born. ii) CIC was created as a subsidiary to CGW to emphasize the growing importance of Corning’s overseas business. The management felt that the creation of CIC as a separate unit was important to upgrade the role of international managers and help them feel more accepted within Corning. iii) Before the international strategy shift of the mid 1960s, CGW did not meddle much into the affairs of its foreign affiliates. The foreign affiliates maintained their own individual reporting and control systems. However, following the strategic shift to gain majority in these foreign subsidiaries, the management system and processes began changing, such as integration of subsidiaries’ accounting systems into the parent company. This caused problems as most of the subsidiaries were European non-English speaking countries and didn’t follow American standards. Hence a need was felt to integrate these foreign subsidiaries with the parent company so as to maintain uniform standards and processes. iv) The acquisition of majority shareholdings in foreign subsidiaries also encouraged management to begin to coordinate and integrate its foreign operations. The task of unifying, coordinating and integrating the European operations specially was a difficult one. There was a long list of independent companies that needed to be brought under control and a lot of these companies were old rivals. Hence lack of coordination and cooperation existed at every level. Furthermore, each of the European companies had export customers and offices in several other European countries. This caused lot of chaos and confusion when it came to bringing order into CGW’s European operations. Also, the European country affiliates were well established and extremely knowledgeable about their local environment. It was difficult for the newly appointed area managers who did not have the same level of market and product expertise to challenge these country affiliates and convince them in favour of consolidation of manufacturing operations. v) The structure within CIC was organized on geographical dimensions. The top management had a tendency to take major decisions based on their local interests and hence promoted their local projects. As a result, conflicts started arising between geographical entities. Such conflicts could only be resolved at the desk of Forrest Behm, President of CIC, who was the only one with sufficient power and connections at the corporate level to communicate plans to and from top leadership of CGW. As the international operations expanded, Behm turned out to be the only one in a position to take a global perspective of the various international businesses and this in turn increasingly burdened him with more conflict-resolution issues. He felt that a structural change within the organization was required to bring in a global perspective amongst its people. vi) Another challenge that Corning was facing was the transfer of technological knowledge from parent company to its foreign operations. Before major international expansion, this transfer was maintained through informal channels between technical experts in the parents company and the foreign plants. As the foreign operations expanded and technological innovations grew in size, the old model of knowledge sharing turned out to be insufficient to handle the growing demands. Hence foreign subsidiaries had to rely on the formal channels within the international organizational. This led to escalating frustrations on both the sides. vii) Furthermore, the capital allocation process also changed following the majority shareholding in foreign subsidiaries. Before the consolidation, the decision process for capital allocation was done primarily by the local managers of the foreign affiliate, who would then go out and raise the capital on their own. However, after these subsidiaries were acquired by Corning, they were required to submit a formal capital appropriation request prepared in English. The subsidiary general manager then had to chase it to the end through a series of corporate decision making filters. This allocation system had other major implications on the relationship between the technical personnel on each side. Whereas before, the technical managers from the parent company provided assistance to subsidiaries on projects, the former now became a part of the judge and jury system to decide on the capital allocation to these subsidiaries. As a result, the technical managers tended to become more conservative with their advice and assistance to the subsidiaries. viii) Due to the incoherency of its area based organization structure, CIC found itself grappling with the global marketing coordination necessary for some businesses. There was no one who was responsible for coordinating between different foreign subsidiaries on global actions like price, product, sourcing etc. The needs of global product development were not being communicated to the R&D group. This meant that the international product development needs were being largely ignored. In order to address the above mentioned problems, Forrest Behm, decided to restructure the organization by appointing three international business managers. The primary motive behind the appointment of these business managers was to supplement the organization with a global business perspective. 2. Identify the problems with the organization structure (until 1972; business manager concept) that led to the formation of World Boards. i) Corning International Corporation (CIC) since its inception was not truly integrated with its parent organization Corning Glass Works (CGW). The creation of CIC as a separate company was insufficient from the onset. The relationship between senior managers in the parent company CGW and in CIC remained unchanged. The vice-presidents in CIC never really achieved the status and importance of vice presidents in CGW. As a result when the three international business managers were appointed by Behm with the status equivalent to Vice-Presidents, they faced difficulty liaising with vice-presidents and other senior managers in the domestic organization (CGW). They were simply viewed as lacking power, status and credibility to get things done. ii) There was some hostility prevalent between the domestic and foreign arm of the organization. The domestic division managers felt that if they had to provide the foreign operations with so much support, they might as well run the foreign operations themselves. This contributed towards making the job of international business managers in acting as a liaison even more difficult. iii) The role of the International Business Managers was not clearly defined since its inception. They were given very vague general mandates like â€Å"to straighten things out in consumer products in International† or â€Å"to put together a world strategy for products in Science and Medical†. As a result nobody understood what they were really there for and hence people could not establish a connection or relation with them. This contributed to some area managers feeling that they were wasting their time and energy in entertaining these international business managers and meeting their demands of time and information. iv) There was lack of communication between Behm and foreign subsidiary country managers who felt that they were not informed of such a role being introduced in the organization hierarchy. As a result, employees in the foreign subsidiaries had no clarity who they were supposed to report to after the organizational changes. This contributed to a creation of general sense of defensiveness in the subsidiary employees from the outset. So the business managers were largely viewed by foreign subsidiaries as more of an interference and less of a coordination help. v) The three business managers did not have the right skills to act as liaisons. Their inability to establish strong links between the foreign subsidiaries and the domestic products divisions was partly due to the attitude with which some of them had taken up these roles. For example, the international business manager for the Consumer Products Division came across as interfering and authoritative. This was not helpful in yielding the desired results. 3. Examine whether their current structure (world boards) is appropriate to the business environment. Provide suggestions to Behm on the proposed reorganization. The current structure of world board is strong and is capable of bringing in order to the organization provided some changes are made to it. The world boards were not created to control or manage the foreign subsidiaries but rather to act as a channel to facilitate coordination, communication and cooperation between the parent company and its foreign subsidiaries. The members of the world boards must keep this vision in mind during their meetings and interactions. We propose the following changes to the world board in order to make them more effective: i) Behm should first start with putting a limit on the maximum number of people on the world boards to 6-7. This will avoid the problem of world boards becoming too big and chaotic to manage. The world boards should include at max 2-3 people from US product division, 2-3 people from subsidiary units and 1 international business manager. ii) The Optical Products World Board was able to achieve results by successfully resolving their conflicts before the board meetings. All other world boards should follow their model and try to adapt it to as much extent as possible. iii) The domestic division managers need to understand that the company as a whole can only be unified through corporate culture, shared vision and values, and management style rather than through formal structures and systems. Hence they should avoid trying to control the subsidiaries’ business the way they have been doing so far. The domestic division managers should be encouraged to develop a networking and inter-dependent relationship with the subsidiaries. Internal attitude change within Corning’s domestic managers is critical to encourage coordination, participation and involvement of the subsidiaries. While being a part of Corning, the subsidiaries need some autonomy for themselves to develop an ability to make impactful contributions to the organization as a whole. iv) Behm should ensure that the world boards meet regularly and achieve fruitful results. If left to themselves, things may go back to how they were. Hence a more direct involvement on part of Behm is required (at least in the boards that still have major difference of opinions) to facilitate communication and resolve difference of opinions. v) Corning should slowly and gradually adopt the transnational model to promote worldwide integration and knowledge sharing to exploit both global and local advantages. The top leadership needs to see the organization as a network and should refrain from shaping it as a centralized hub. Interdependence between units should be promoted amongst product, functional and geographic units. vi) Cross-subsidiary teams should be developed in the long run to compel different subsidiaries to work together for their own good as well as the overall good of the organization.

Music 100 Concert Report Essay

Allegro, as the first movement is named, means to have a quick paced tempo. This movement starts with the first and second violins playing followed by the cello and viola, then finally the clarinet comes in over the rest of the musicians. This movement may be fast paced, but the tone of the movement is melancholy in some areas. The theme of the movement is played several times over. The theme of Allegro is the opening phrases where the first and second violins start, then add in the cello and viola, then the clarinet. This repeating phrase throughout the first movement helps create a pattern and a story. What is interesting in this movement is that the opening theme sets up the rest of the piece. Brahms changes the theme in each movement, but this original theme is still present in each movement after. The end of Allegro is built up into a large climax by using crescendo, a heavier and more violent bow stroke, and more rapid notes than are present in the rest of the piece. The Adagio, in contrast to the first movement, is slower paced and softer. The tone of this movement is in great contrast to the first as well. The mood is dark and full of anguish and despair, whereas in the first the mood was lighter. This mood is created by the difference in the style in which the musicians are playing. The clarinet in this movement plays lower notes that are sustained for long periods of time while the violin plays the melody over it. The first two movements of the piece are much lengthier than the last two movements. The third movement, Andantino, is faster than andante- which is a walking pace- but slower than moderato. The tempo marking andantino is more lively than andante. The third movement serves as a transition into the last movement. In this movement there is pizzicato, which is the plucking of the strings on a string instrument. The first and second violins, cello, and viola use this technique in this movement while  the clarinet plays the melody over them. The first violin adds in by playing on the string again, and then the rest of the strings add in playing using their bows instead of plucking the strings. The fourth movement, Con moto, is different from the previous movements because of the tone and style of this section, but it also revisits the original theme of the first movement, which ties all the movements together. The original theme is used as a framing device throughout the entire piece. Between each time the theme is played, there are different styles of other themes played. Some are mellower while others are more of a scherzo, which is a lively part within a larger work. This piece was preformed wonderfully by the GVSU Chamber Players. They played passionately and because of this, the audience could better understand the piece and what Brahms intended the audience to feel when they listened to his work. The players made great use of dynamics throughout the piece and they were very skilled in the different styles Brahms wrote into the music. I really enjoyed the concert and look forward to going to another soon.

Othello - Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Othello - Character Analysis - Essay Example With this dark side he is also very extroverted, and not very bright. He isn't observant and the schemes of Iago work well on him. Though he doesn't brood too much on his past, except occasional ventures of wars fought, he does let his emotions run his life. "Othello's condition as a black man--whatever shade of blackness he was--is further complicated by his condition as a colonial subject who wishes to adopt western culture. The play dramatizes the apparently unlimited possibilities of self-fashioning available to man in the Renaissance, only to deconstruct this optimistic self-fashioning or self-creation when race issues come into play. It is Iago's exploitation of the politics of colour and of Othello's double nature (proper to a colonial subject) that brings about Othello's downfall." ( Ana Mara Manzanas , Miscelnea: A Journal of English and American Studies Vol. 17 ,1996) For all the dangers and encounters he has been involved in, this man is still naive of the corruptness of people around him. Othello has a trusting nature in which he gives it all. He put all his trust in Iago during times of war and during Othello's marriage to Desdemona. This wasn't very wise of Othello, even if he wasn't trusting or more corrupt he still wouldn't realize Iago was lying. Everyone considered Iago as honest, and would be out of character for Othello to believe any different. One Othello's strong characteristic is the ability to take control over any situation. For example, when Barbantino comes to kill him he shows astounding power by saying: "Hold your hands, both of you of my inclining and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it without a prompter" (I, ii, lines 80-3) Through the whole first act he is portrayed as a man with so much power and natural leadership and the drastic change in his personality towards the end is unbelievable. For example, when Lodovico had witnessed Othello hit Desdemona, he said: "Is this the noble Moor whom our full Senate Call all in all sufficient Is this the nature Whom passion could not shake whose solid virtue The shot of accident nor dart of chance could neither graze nor pierce" (IV, i, lines 264-8) Another place where Shakespeare shows Othello taking control over a situation is when Cassio and Montano are fighting after Roderigo antagonized him. You must feel sorrow for Othello because with all the power he has and the endless trust he gives, you try to reach out and show him the truth. Taylor makes an apt comparison with King Lear and Hamlet as follows: "There is no ferocity in Othello; his mind is majestic and composed. He deliberately determines to die; and speaks his last speech with a view of showing his attachment to the Venetian state, though it had superseded him. Schiller has the material Sublime; to produce an effect, he sets you a whole town on fire, and throws infants with their mothers into the flames, or locks up a father in an old tower. But Shakspere drops a handkerchief, and the same or greater effects follow. Lear is the most tremendous effort of Shakspere as a poet; Hamlet as a philosopher or meditator and Othello is the union of the two. There is something gigantic and unformed in the former two; but in the latter, everything assumes its due place and proportion, and the whole mature powers of his mind are displayed in admirable equilibrium". ( COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR, 1822, Table Talk, Dec. 29). Othello had a dominant streak of jealousy in him. He was told

Read the requirement carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Read the requirement carefully - Essay Example They are also used to determine the effect competition has on certain goods. Effects of these forces can be interpreted well especially in a perfect market. A perfect market is a market that is governed by certain conditions. They are: there are no restrictions to entering the market; information about the market is readily available; there is no party in the market that has any powers to set prices and technology is equally accessed by all participants in the market, (Mankiw, 2011). The demand of a commodity is the quantity of a good or service a consumer is willing and ahs the ability to buy. The law of demand stipulates that, when there are no other factors at play, the higher the price of a good or service, the lower the demand for that good or services. For example, if the price of milk increases then the demand for milk will fall. Diagram 1.a is a simple illustration of a demand curve Diagram 1.a However, there is an exception with velben and giffen goods, (Arnold, 2008). A vel ben good is a type of commodity whose demand rises with the increase of its price. Normally giffen goods are considered commodities of position. They include jewelry, expensive cars among others. Giffen good is a commodity whose demand increases irrespective of the change in price. ... The responsiveness of the demand of goods and services to these factors is referred to as elasticity of demand. The percentage change of the quantity demanded for a particular good is referred to as price elasticity of demand. it is derived from the formulae . Diagram 1.c illustrates price elasticity of milk. Diagram 1.c An increase in the price of milk from p1 to p2 will result in a slight decrease in the quantity demanded from q1 to q2. This is because products like milk experience inelastic price elasticity. This is because the milk is a necessity good which experiences this type of elasticity, (Mankiw, 2011). Cross price elasticity of demand is the difference in the amount demanded for a good in percentage as a result of a percentage change in the price of other goods. It is derived from the formula, (Hall and Lieberman, 2007). In this case there are different types of curves to show the responsiveness of the amount demanded as a result of changes in price of other goods. Diagram 1.d shows the cross elasticity of complementary goods. These are goods that are used together. For example, milk and bread are complementary goods. If the price of bread drops from p1 to p2 then we expect the demand of milk to increase from p1 to p2. Diagram 1.d Diagram 1.e shows the cross elasticity of independent for independent goods. These are goods whose use is independent of each other, for example, milk and electronics are independent. Hence a change in the price of electronics from p2 to p1 will result in no change in the price of milk. It will remain at q1.. Diagram 1.e Income elasticity of demand is the percentage change demand of a certain commodity as a result in changes in income of the consumer. It is derived from the formula .Since milk is a

Sexual harassment in working place Research Paper

Sexual harassment in working place - Research Paper Example Behavior of a perpetrator is still unwelcome even if it is intended in good spirit. Regardless of the behavior of the perpetrator, it is the feeling of the victim about the behavior that becomes relevant. The victim does not have to express her/his displeasure to the perpetrator. It is sufficient if the victim does not reciprocate by returning the behavior, not laughing at the jokes or show resentment, turn away or begin avoiding the offender. It is the body language of the victim that matters. Even if there is no expression, behavior is unwelcome to satisfy the test. Thus, the 'A' element is entirely subjective on the part of the complainant. Though the complainant may appear to be very sensitive, one should not substitute one’s judgment for the victim’s judgment. It should be only examined whether the victim genuinely felt the perpetrator’s behavior as unwelcome. The complainant might have encountered similar behavior from others but singled out a particular pe rson s behavior as unacceptable or unwelcome. In legal sense, it is certainly perfect to disapprove of certain conduct of certain people. A woman ‘s complaint can be valid if she finds a new colleague’s dirty joke offensive though she might have told the same joke to another colleague she knows for a long time. In quid pro quo complaints, the complainant might have made the behavior welcome and later claim that such relationship was not resisted in order not to lose her/his job. Employers must take care to keep a confidential note of the time and date and admissions of the two opposite sexes’ relationship with each other so that it can be handy if either party turns hostile later. The management is liable for its supervisor’s sexual harassment of a subordinate even if the management has condoned the supervisor’s sexual harassment and has a written policy to that effect. In California, an employer can avoid liability if the complainant could have avo ided such situations without undue risk, expense or humiliation. Under federal law, employers may claim affirmative defense in case of supervisors engaging in sexual harassment without favoring the victim. It is an absolute defense available to employers under federal law but there should be available the elements of avoidable consequence doctrine. They are 1) the employer has already taken steps to prevent and correct sexual harassment at workplace. 2) the employee without reason failed to make use of the preventive and corrective measures. 3) The measures would have prevented the harm had the complainant made reasonable use of them (Whittenbury). USA Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibits sexual discrimination that includes sexual harassment among other forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, pregnancy and national origin at workplace or work-related matters. All private establishments, state and local governments and educational institutions employi ng fifteen or more individuals for twenty or more weeks per year come under the purview of this Act. The others include private and public employment agencies, labor organizations, joint labor-management committees, U.S. companies outside the U.S. employing U.S. citizens (Bell). Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law. In California, there is a state level act namely Fair Employment and Housing Act that primarily prohibits sexual harassmen

St. Matthew's Feast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

St. Matthew's Feast - Essay Example St. Matthew's Feast is September 21st. He is the patron saint of accountants and tax collectors. St. Matthew's symbols are the sword, for his martyrdom, and the money bag, as he used to work as a tax collector ("Biography of St. Matthew"). Levi (Matthew) was born in the 1st century. His birth place is Palestine ("St. Matthew Biography. Evangelist, Saint"). He was raised in the city called Capernaum. St. Matthew's nationality is Jew, he was born and raised as he was. His father's name was Alphaeus. Matthew obtained a wide knowledge of languages; apart from Hebrew, he knew also Aramaic and Greek ("Biography of St. Matthew"). It was useful for his apostolic activity. His missionary movement was at initially limited to the Palestine's society. Nothing clear is known about his further life. Traditionally Ethiopia is indicated as his field of work. Other views add Parthia and Persia. There are contradicting views on his death: some point on his natural death but mainly martyrdom is noted: â€Å"Roman martyrology, the official record of saints for the Roman Catholic Church, holds that Matthew was martyred 'in Ethiopia',† ("Biography of St. Matthew"). Another sources are not so sure about the proofs of it. St. Matthew's Gospel was composed to fill a painfully felt need for his kindred compatriots, both devotees and unbelievers. It served as a token of his view and as a consolation in the trial to come, particularly the risk of falling back to Judaism. This goal is higher, probably any religion intends to focus people.

How Not Meeting The Assumptions Of The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Aid In Term Paper

How Not Meeting The Assumptions Of The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Aid In Evolution - Term Paper Example 298). The Hardy-Weinberg model is applicable to the context of populations of diploid, sexually reproducing individuals (Andrews 65). For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, certain assumptions must be met. Andrews, Hartl and Clark and Hillis et al. comprehensively described and summarized the following assumptions, 1. Natural selection is not acting on the locus in question, indicating that there is no differential selection among genotypes. Individuals with different genotypes have equal probabilities of survival and equal rates of reproduction. 4. Population size is infinitely large, which means that genetic drift is not causing random changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error from one generation to the next. As all natural populations are finite and they are subject to drift. However the effects of drift are more pronounced in small than in large populations. where, p2, 2pq and q2 are the expected frequencies of genotypes AA, Aa and aa in zygotes of any generation, p and q are the allele frequencies of A and a in gametes of the previous generation of the population (Hartl and Clark 75). As there are only two alleles at a locus, p + q=1. â€Å"The Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies, p2 + 2pq + q2, represent the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2, and also sum to one†. (Andrews 65) â€Å"In case of loci with more than two alleles, it is possible to apply the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, in which case the expected genotype frequencies are given by the multinomial expansion for all k alleles segregating in the population: (p1 + p2 + p3 + . . . + pk)2†. (Andrews 65) Fig. 2- â€Å"Generation I of this population consists of migrants from several other populations, thus violating the Hardy-Weinberg assumption of no migration. Notably, the generation I has more homozygous individuals and fewer heterozygous individuals than would be expected under

The Impact of foreign Investment(with reference to china and india) on Dissertation

The Impact of foreign Investment(with reference to china and india) on Nigeria's Economy and how Nigeria as a developing country - Dissertation Example Nigeria is the most heavily populated country in African continent. It is one of the rapidly developing economies in Africa along with South Africa. Moreover, Nigeria is blessed with immense oil and other natural resources. However, technological advancements in Nigeria are not so good. As a result of that it is incapable of exploiting the natural resources properly. Being the most rapidly emerging economies in the world, India and China can help Nigeria immensely in streamlining its economic growth. Plenty of Indian and Chinese companies are currently operating in Nigeria in different sectors such as agriculture, oil, mining, refining, automobile manufacturing, banking, retailing etc. These countries are helping Nigeria to exploit its natural resources judiciously. This paper analyses the impact of foreign investment (with reference to China and India) on Nigeria’s economy and how Nigeria as a developing nation can promote Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction Globalization is a process through which the activities done in one part of the world affects people on other parts of the world (Reich 1998: 5). According to Lieber and Weisberg, globalization helps people all over the world in the creation of a stronger and stable world (Lieber and Weisberg 2002: 274). Huge changes are taking place in this world after the introduction of globalization and liberalization. Some of the underdeveloped economies such as India, and China are currently emerging as the most rapidly developing economies in the world, mainly because of their ability to exploit the opportunities provided by globalization. These countries were successful mainly because of their readiness to open up their domestic market for foreign direct investments. The importance of free market and private enterprise in promoting economic globalization was explained by many scholars (Ghai1997: 1) The economy of the world keeps improving and keeps becoming more integrated as most countries want to play/contribute to a role in the economy of the 21st century. Globalisation keeps increasing as countries try to identify their competitive advantages and use their available resources to secure profits for themselves. Trade has now being expanded compared to the past, services and cross boarder flows of financial resources and people. Countries all over the world have realised that domestic resources alone may not help them much in streamlining the economic growth. As a result of that majority of the countries have already opened up their economies and liberalized the rules and regulations to attract more and more foreign direct investments or FDI. FDI is the investment of foreign capital in domestic goods and services. According to Dicken (2007, p.36), direct investment is a kind of investment intended to gain control over the activities of another firm. FDI is the investment across nations. â€Å"The flow of FDI and portfolio investments across countries g enerates a very large amount of investment incomes going in the opposite direction† Ietto-Giles 2002: 27). On the other hand, Adina (2011) mentioned about the training effect of FDI. In her opinion, FDI may help a country to modernize techniques and technologies, increase production and supply of goods, improve quality and competitiveness, create new jobs and grow the quality of life (Adina 2011: 148). In short, it is difficult for a country to develop properly in the modern era with the help of

Windows server Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Windows server - Research Paper Example If the system will not be compatible with the hardware in place, there will be a need for new hardware (TechGrant, 2012). The crucial business aspects to be considered when upgrading to Server 2008 involves the cost to be incurred. The new Server will have to be bought, and for every computer installed with the server, their licences will have to be paid. In this respect, only the necessary computers should be installed with the new server. This aims at avoiding incurring unnecessary costs. Costs will increase in case of lack of compatibility between the new servers with the hardware. This will have the company digging deeper into their pockets for new hardware. The server happens to be used universally. As of 2009, 98% of of the Fortune Top 100 Companies use the server (Rist, 2011). This means that the company’s employees will not have a hard time adapting to it due to its popularity. The popularity arises from it being user friendly hence the quick adaptation. Additionally, companies looking to network to build a strong e-network platform will find it easier to do so in the Windows 2008 Server. The new Server will serve to improve the quality of service given. The virtual server can be moved from one physical host computer to another without consuming any downtime. The ability to do so saves a lot of time in the case of a computer crash. The company will find this to be a significant advantage since time happens to be just as essential. Windows Server 2008 conserves power usage more than any other Window Server. This will go a long way in lowering expenses such as power bills. Additionally, the consumption of less power means that the Server will have fewer breakdowns due to overheating. a. A minimum of 1 gigahertz processor (32 bit) and 1.4 gigahertz processor (64 bit). The recommended processor should be at least 2 gigahertz. For Itanium based systems, an Intel

Illicit Trafficking of All Types Research Paper

Illicit Trafficking of All Types - Research Paper Example The activities along these ports have attracted human traffickers, drug barons and even terrorists. Many South American illegal goods find their way in Africa through the ports in the Indian Ocean. This may be attributed to corruption and poor custom laws and regulations (Ploch, 2010). With the effects of the trafficking activities affecting many international countries the sensitivity of the matter has increased. In this paper I will focus on Kenya activities along the Kenyan coast. The paper will focus on human, drugs and weapon trafficking in Kenya. Additionally, it will focus on the effects of these activities in the country and the international community. The paper will have an insight on how the trafficking activities affect the United States. Kenya’s port city of Mombasa is one of the largest cities along the coast of the horn of Africa. Neighboring countries like Uganda and Rwanda use the port for export purposes since they are landlocked. This has made the port becom e the largest port in East Africa. This has attracted interests from many illegal stakeholders. First on focus is the issue of weapon trafficking. According to Shelly (2010) about 5,000 illegal firearms enter the country on an annual basis. These weapons find their way into the hands of interested people in the country. They are later sold at cheaper prices to pastoralist communities and other illegal gangs. In other instances, the firearms end up in other neighboring countries. Apart from the trafficking of firearms, explosive devices in Kenya are also on the increase. During this year, the country has had about seven explosive attacks in major cities. The explosives used in the scenes are said to have originated from a foreign country. Most firearms in Kenya are usually from the neighboring Somalia or destined to Somalia. Somalia is an unstable country, hence, traffickers find it an easier route to smuggle weapons to Kenya. Weapon trafficking in Kenya also involves top government officials. These powerful individuals are usually the masterminds of trafficking activities in the country. This hinders any investigative procedures from taking place. Weapon trafficking in Kenya has greatly affected the United States. In the year 1998 the US embassy was a main target in a terrorist attack in Nairobi. The terrorist attack was the worst attack experienced in the country. The Al- Qaeda group claimed responsibility for the attack and said it was aimed at destroying the US embassy. This was evidence that weapon trafficking in the country is a more complicated and strategized crime (Clinton, 2010). The United States government had to highly compensate the victims of the attack. Drug trafficking in Kenya has also been an emerging issue as far legality is concerned. Through its coastal town Mombasa, drugs enter the country from South American countries. Large consignments of drugs find their way to Kenya through various entry points. Entry points include border with neigh boring countries, through airports and majorly through the port of Mombasa. In the coastal city, many youths are now in rehabilitation centers after being exposed to drugs at a very young age. Many youths turn into small scale peddlers. They sell the drugs to school students and other young people. This has destroyed the young generation in Kenyan coastal region. Just like the weapon trafficking menace, powerful personalities are greatly involved in the smuggling of drugs into the country (Ploch, 2010). From the coastal

Social Media Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Media Marketing Plan - Assignment Example III. Social Branding / Identity Recognition / Online Presence A. Social media platforms. 1. Company website According to Li and Bernoff (2011), using social media starts with having a well designed modern website. As of now, Lips-to-Go does not have a business website. This is a big setback for Lips-to-Go’s online strategy and the business should consider having a well designed website. Lips-to-Go will design a website and use it to advance its business. While the social media is a good platform for Lips-to-Go to have an online presence, most social media don’t give the users as much control as the business would require with regard to sharing information about the firm (Kabani, 2013). In this regard, a well designed website should be developed which will help the firm have a well branded online presence. The website will be the heart of the online branding for Lips-to-Go while the social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube will be anchored to the webs ite and act as a complement for the website. The website will also be used for other promotional activities such as online ordering etc. 2. Facebook. a) Lips-to-Go has a Facebook page which was established a while ago. The Facebook account is used to post various messages regarding Lips-to-Go, posting photographs of the various kinds of dishes which Lips-to-Go serves, etc. b) Although Lips-to-Go has been having this account for a long time, there is an indication of lack of consistent activity, maintenance and management of the account. Lips-to-Go seems to only update its Facebook status only once in a while and fails to engage its subscribers with daily updates. Lips-to-Go should come up with a strategy which will make it... This essay describes the social media merketing plan for the Lips-to-Go restaurant. The researcher concluds that Lips-To-Go will need to develop a new and well planned online presence plan. Social media is becoming such a serious issue with regard to businesses managing their image and their interactions with the public that most businesses are taking it a notch higher by hiring a whole team of professionals to manage their social media platforms. Lips-to-Go should not be left behind in this because if fails, its competitors will beat it on this end, and this could have dire consequences on the future of the business. In line with this, it is important for Lips-to-Go to hire at least one professional and experienced online relations employee who will be dedicated in helping to ensure that that the business is able to manage its online presence and image. This will include making sure that Lips-to-Go has a sleek and technically sound website which is well maintained. The online relati ons human resource will also be mandated with the responsibility of making sure that all the social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Yelp are well managed by updating and uploading content on a daily basis. It also stated by the researcher that for the more dynamic platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, the updates will need to be done a number of times a day by a special employee. For YouTube platform, the video uploads may be done on a daily basis but ensuring regularity and consistency.

Decision-making and Information Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Decision-making and Information Politics - Essay Example Responsibility refers to the concept of being accountable for every action an officer undertakes, while authority refers to the ability of an officer to influence the behavior of individuals. Empowerment in relation to governance means the authority an officer has towards acting on the decision made. Communication is the exchange of ideas or information pertaining to the policy or decision that has been made. For IT governance to achieve success, the authorities concerned must show the values of transparency, appropriate representation and support (Birrell, 2012). Transparency refers to availing information on the process itself, and this includes on how the decisions are made, and who are the individuals who make the decisions. Appropriate representation denotes the representation of people who might be affected by the decisions made, while support refers to the ability of an organization to mobilize the support of its IT governance structure. The organization should seek the support of every one interested with its affairs, and this includes its employees, and members of the public. The IT governance has a structure component, which provides an answer to what is governed, and who governs it. My university of study has a centralized IT governance model divided into four sections (Brisebois, Boyd and Shadid, 2010) , The first level of the governance structure is the strategic level, and it comprises of the senior most executives of the business entity. The main focus of governance at this level is to align the education strategies of the university, with its information technology strategy. At this stage, the committee creates the vision of the vision of the university, and how information technology will help it achieve its vision (Weill and Ross, 2004). The second level of the IT governance structure is the executive level. This stage

Three Questions on Ultrasound (500 words per question) Term Paper

Three Questions on Ultrasound (500 words per question) - Term Paper Example In the Spatial Substance Picture strategy, pictures of an item are taken from different perspectives, and then are mixed to form an averaged picture quickly. This picture gives the better representation of the item, finding all the minute details. The resulting picture is the compound picture, displaying better picture quality as compared to the traditional ultrasound examination pictures. A study of research of difference reveals that the spatial compound imaging gives better meaning for the soft-tissue of the body with reduced disturbance distortions, in evaluation to the traditional top quality sonographic ultrasound examination The drawback of speckle reduction in compound sonography is overcome by the frequency compound imaging, using higher harmonics of frequencies. The conventional sonography is performed on lower harmonics, which are more probable to the speckle noise effect, thus altering the sonogram information. The using of advanced harmonics in frequency compound imaging ensures that a much wider bandwidth of the transducer frequency is achieved, where the received frequency is double the intensity of the transmitted frequency. Therefore, the echo of the transmitted sound wave that is reflected back after striking a tissue is stronger in the case of frequency compound imaging, thus generating a clearer image (Chan & Perlas, 2011). Also in the diagnosis of deeper organs and lesion, the 3D/ 4D techniques are very useful, as it has a simple and reproducible methodology. This makes it easier to get the image of the same organ at different intervals (Layyous, 2012). The multi beam technique generates multiple lines of the transmitted beam to be sent at once from the probe. These multiple lines then overlap when several beams have been sent, and carry the detailed information about the test organ. They are then separated in the reconstruction stage of the analysis where all the information is dealt separately. The

Macroeconomics. A fixed exchange rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Macroeconomics. A fixed exchange rate - Essay Example 5. Using the closed economy IS-LM model, show how falls in business and consumer confidence can precipitate a deep and prolonged recession. Set out what Keynes meant when he advocated fiscal policy to solve the problem. 10 6. By what means may the monetary authorities maintain a fixed exchange rate Outline how devaluation may help a country experiencing difficulties under a fixed exchange rate regime and set out circumstances under which devaluation makes things worse. 13 The Keynes and Pigou effects can be understood in the context of the impact of a change in the money supply on consumption. The economists Keynes and Pigou studied the effects of a fall in wages and prices on real aggregate demand and attempted to determine what underlies the closed-economy AD curve. Keynes maintained that a fall in money wages and price levels would reduce the demand for money and result in a fall in interest rates, thereby taking the economy to full employment. This is known as the Keynes effect. This takes place, he explained, in a situation where the money supply is constant because a fall in price levels would increase the real money supply. ... rence between money supply and real money supply We define the money supply as the quantity of money supplied by the central bank and then assume that it is constant or unchanged for different price levels. However, if the money supply (represented by the variable M) is constant while the price level (P) falls, the real money supply (represented by the fraction M/P) increases. Therefore, a fall in P at constant M raises M/P, the real money supply that in effect represents the "value" of M, shifting the upward sloping L-M curve to the right, with effects that are analogous to those of an increase in M. Increasing M has the effect of bringing the interest rate down, generating a rise in investment spending. Businesses will expand to increase production, employment will rise, and so would output and consumption. The effect would be small (that is, the AD curve is steep) if either (a) the L-M curve is quite flat so that the fall in the interest rate is small, or (b) the downward sloping I-S curve is steep, so that falls in interest rate will have little effect on spending. In standard textbooks, the derivation of the closed economy aggregate demand (AD) curve relies entirely on the Keynes effect. Pigou studied the same phenomenon and maintained that lower prices would encourage consumption, thereby boosting total income and employment. This is known as the Pigou effect. Like Keynes, he observed that a fall in prices would raise the real money supply (M/P), which raises wealth and stimulates a rise in consumption. This shifts the I-S curve to the right. The Pigou effect is largest when the Keynes effect is smallest (that is, the L-M curve flat and the I-S curve steep). This phenomenon, also known as the real balance effect, is based on the assumption that part of

Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Research - Essay Example First, the resin is melted ( bead-like ) and Repro. The Stards are used to melt the Repro. Then, they are blown up into cylinders until they bubble up to the top of the machine. Once they are on the top, they are flattened using various rollers. After which, when everything has been flattened, these are rolled around a roll of cardboard on a metal rod. Finally, the bar is taken off a plug is placed on one end. The plastic would be now wrapped and multiple rolls would be placed standing right up on a skid. Again, they would be wrapped in plastic and properly labeled, then placed in a box. They would then be sent to the warehouse for shipping and classified as finished goods. It is also important to note that the colors are melted one at a time during the beginning of the process. This goes on daily because operations is 24/7. Over-all, there are 32 machines that produce the rolls. The maintenance for the machinery is done annually where the machines are cleaned thoroughly. The machine s are really big so cleaning them for a day would not suffice. The cleaning of these machines are scheduled on holidays so operations would not be affected. Demand for BEMIS products are high so the company cannot afford to lose productive time. I also observed that one roll can be easily made in as short as half an hour or more. Bigger rolls, however, need more time and can take as much as four to five hours. On the average, the machines produce 40† rolls in 40 hours. In a daily basis, the rolls produced equals to 540-550 pounds. To be able to achieve this high level of productivity, BEMIS operates for 24 hours. There are 100 employees distributed to work on four different shifts. Indeed, one can’t help admiring the whole process of production as everything is synchronized to meet the buyer’s demands or specifications. Come to think of it, the products of BEMIS are very many so efficiency is very important. BEMIS can meet all these challenges because it continue s to innovate itself and prioritize product research. The second part of this paper deals with the logistics of the products. Due to the high-volume of products produced in a daily basis, the logistics section is very busy. There are also times when companies would require extra orders during peak seasons which makes logistics very challenging. The pallets are often termed units for shipping purposes. A single pallet weighs 800 to 1,000 pounds. On a very busy day, there are one million pounds shipped to different buyers. A truck can carry as much as 40,000 pounds worth of pallets. Friday is considered the busiest day of the week so 18 trucks (scheduled and unscheduled ) are available for use on this day. It if it’s just an average day, only 600,00-700,000 pounds are shipped by BEMIS to its buyers. Normally, it takes 30-40 minutes to load the products on a truck. Safety measures are put in place to avoid any accidents. These are the procedures in loading a truck: 1. Get releas e. It is important for processors to know the pertinent details of the shipment. They must declare truthfully the type of products loaded on the truck which would be declared as soon as the buyers receive them. Details such as time of shipping, weight, quantity and other special instructions are contained in the documents like the Bill of Lading. 2. The next step involves pulling or staging pallets to the shipping area. The men driving the forklift and

The Crucible inevitable Essay Example for Free

The Crucible inevitable Essay The Crucible was written in 1953 by the American playwright, Arthur Miller. It is a historical play, which takes place in the small theocratical Puritan village of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. However, Miller wrote the The Crucible not just as a straight historical play detailing the Salem witch trials; the play in fact acts as a political allegory based on the situation in America during the Cold War in which Miller wrote the play. The allegorical story relates back to the Salem witchcraft trials and connects them to their contemporary equivalent in Millers time, the McCarthy trials. Just as the people in Salem believed that witchcraft threatens their village, many Americans during this time saw Communism as a threat too. Arthur Miller himself was called in front of the committee, when he refused to give the names of friends who might have believed in Communism he was fined for contempt of court. The political witch hunt of McCarthyism becomes clear in Millers play, which was written to illustrate how fear and hysteria mixed with an atmosphere of persecution may end tragically. The Salem witch trials took place from June to September of 1692, during which time nineteen men and women were hanged, including a man named John Proctor, at Gallows Hill near Salem, while another man was pressed to death. Hundreds of other people were accused of witchcraft and many more suffered in jail without trials. The tragedy shows how over imaginative minds can lead to disastrously unjust consequences and represents the village as a paradox as usually Puritans were extremely religious and never committed sins as like as those that went on during the time of the witch-hunt. The actual word, crucible, has a few meanings. It can be a container which is able to resist heat; a melting pot, this could be a pot in which all of the characters in the play melt into individuals. It also has a connection with witches, as this melting pot could symbolise a cauldron. It can be the hollow at the bottom of an ore furnace, representing the hollowness and dishonesty of the villagers in Salem. As a result, the title does not immediately make the audience believe that John Proctors death be inevitable as the villagers of Salem are represented as being hollow and shallow so are expected to willingly admit to witchcraft if it means that their lives will be spared. To reinforce the theme of religion, the word crucible can mean the bearing of a cross, which relates to a crucifix. In the Act, the importance of religion is immediately introduced as John Proctor is illustrated as being a very sinful man as it is revealed that he has not been at Sabbath recently, this was a serious issue as religion was so important to the Puritan society and he is therefore suspected of witchcraft. Proctor claims that there is no need to go to church, for he feels Reverend Parris is too obsessed with hell and never mentions God anymore. Parris warns that there must be obedience or the church will burn like Hell, but Proctor asks if he can speak one minute without mentioning Hell. This expresses how deeply religious Proctor is and also gives a glimpse of goodness in him as he cares for his family as he says I never knew that I must account to that man for I come to church or stay at home. My wife was sick this winter. This also shows that Proctor is an individual, as he does not go with the majority of the village by not working on the Sabbath day. He despises hypocrites; he had a sharp and biting way with hypocrites, and even seems to hate the hypocrisy of religion even though he had a deep spiritual belief in God. John Proctor is introduced as being harsh, unkind, and extremely powerful. This does not make his death foreseeable, as he seems to be an obvious sinner. His insensitive nature is shown in the way that other members of the village of Salem are scared of him, afraid of him and strangely titillated, and more importantly it is expressed by the heartless treatment he gives Abigail Williams, a former servant of his family. Proctor patronises her by calling her a child and as Abby is relatively unknown at this point, we can relate to her as she is a around our age. Abby is obviously deeply in love with him as she is extremely flirtatious and speaks affectionately and to him; tauntingly, but Proctor is numb and aggressive towards her, this is shown in his actions; setting her firmly out of his path, beginning to anger, do you look for a whipping? and shaking her. This makes the audience disrespect him and empathise with her. Abby talks of the affair she had with Proctor, it is this affair that seems to be the catalyst to the witchcraft accusations, as it seems to be the reason why Abigail starts condemning people of witchery and the key element that starts the witch hunt. She is very sensual and tries to seduce him by saying I am waiting for you every night but he just states that he will cut off his hand before he will ever reach for her again. His dismissive actions further create the audiences disgust towards him and make the audience sympathise with Abby, as she appears to be a victim, John, pity me, pity me. However at this point in the play, Proctors true personality has been hidden beneath the outer appearance of a cruel, immoral, insensitive man which does not make the audience believe that his death will be inevitable as when faced with the accusations of witchcraft, the audience feel that he would easily admit to them if it would re sult in him preserving his life.

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay Example for Free

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay This case is about Mini Motor Homes Manufactured by Jim Ballenger in Kalamazoo, Michigan. According to the case, Jim Ballenger has a problem to make a decision to change his current inventory system to JIT system. From the current inventory system, Jim has spent a lot of cost on his inventory system. This is because mostly of the component used in manufactured are bought from other vendor and his company actually only manufactured very few of it component. Because of this, the transportation and inventory cost contribute to a relatively large portion of its component part of expenses. Jim Ballenger was very aware on the cost that may arise once the JIT system adopted. The cost that he may be aware to arise is the cost of management standpoint, the shipment of the component and the rate of the component purchased. Besides that, he also has inquiry about the component purchased will be arrived on time or not or the duration taken of delivering the component. This is because, if the component are not suitable to use, his team has to replace it and it will entail expensive rush order for the replacement component or the downtime for the entire plant. Jim Ballenger also concern about his relationship with his suppliers. He thought that his supplier may difficult become one part of his team. Since the supplier will expect to have special effort on their quality control or delivery flexibility on behalf of one of its almost miniscule discount. Jim Ballenger has been rent a public warehouse near his plant to keep his inventory that cost $500,000 to $1,000,000, which he paid more than 1. 5% per month from the borrowed funds to buy it. Since he starts to producing the different model, and using so many different appliances, the cost of the safety stock increased day by day. The JIT presume table has drawn with two considerations. Since the major component, chassis can be purchased at one time basis from the local supplier and out of stock situation is hardly happen, thus this component has excluded from using JIT system. The two considerations will be (1) Ballenger’s inventory carrying costs of are assumed to be 20% per year on the average investment in inventory on hand comprising acquisition and transportation costs, (2) those components that can obtain from closer sources, one week of the safety stock is sustain, if the component is further form the stock, two weeks to one month of safety stock should be available.

Impact of Unemployment on Economic Development

Impact of Unemployment on Economic Development Unemployment has become an issue of major concern in different countries this is as because a lot of individuals are ready and available to work but are not able to secure this job opportunities. Different studies and expert analysis on Economics have discovered the various reasons as well as effects that unemployment has caused and have made effort to resolve some of the problems. the irregular recover in economy as well as downward successive review in the growth of economy and projections has made substantial impact on the situation of employment on global scale. The report of the International Labour Organization ILO(2014, P.11) observed that around the world, there are over 200 million people who are unemployed as at 2013, this an increase of nearly 5 million compared with the year before In many countries, competition in the market is a major cause since the employment opportunities are few. As a result the few opportunities have too many qualified individuals chasing it Nitzan (2011, p.4) compared unemployment and labour market with the case of demand, supply and price index Scale of the problem and Evaluation Unemployment and food price Inflation: Unemployment has been cited as being a major social evil; a cause the rise in poverty. It produces social as well as economic effect which also is a major issue of society. The problem of poverty among those who are unemployed is often very high due to the fact that these persons are not able to have a sustainable means of income. Looking at it from the social angle, there is an increase in illegitimate means of earning a living. If you consider an environment with high unemployment rate, you will notice that such place has increase in various social vice like gambling, robbery, bribery, prostitutuion etc. This accounts for the social insecurity issues created by unemployment (MCgrath 2012, p.1) Youth unemployment: loss of resources particularly human resources is another problem unemployment creates. With millions of able bodied men and women not able to put their skills and talent to use. This effect makes the persons unproductive, thus making the economy suffer in not using those productive abilities. Such economy experiences slow growth at the various sectors; the tertiary sector being the most affected as a result of the sector not getting enough funds to sustain it. A further impact is the slow rate of self-employment as savings is not easy for the large population of unemployed thus they have little or no capital for investments. The situation of unemployment in a society will greatly impoverish the citizens as employers tend to take advantage of the situation to pay very small for labour. Such economy experiences a devaluation of labour as the employers take the upper hand. Economic growth in certain industries: when theres a boom in some industries, there is sudden influx of people to that industry. It will not be easy to accommodate an increasing population of people who want to be part of that sector. For example an economic growth in the textile industry will increase the rush into that sector, which will often force individuals to focus attention in the textile industry and ignore skills available in other sectors. With such push, unemployment will gradually set in first for that industry and later on due to reduced skill available for the other sectors, unemployment spreads to other industries. Causes of the Problems The demand-side causes are: Economic Cycle: The Competition for labour is the reason unemployment seems to have stronghold in many economies. Since opportunities get fewer with increasing population. The result of this is that for every available position, there are several qualified individuals and as one person gets the position, another becomes unemployed. Indeed the present shift in labour demand has worsened the situation even more, as technology driven labour is taking over people driven labour thus more people redundant as one machine replaces the task of human effort. Employers consider the technology driven labour of greater benefit since the idea of multi tasking also encourages on man operating more than one machine Lack of Government investment and Spending: Sometimes the government fails to make investment that provide job opportunities while other times the government policies do not provide conducive environment for private sector investment. Supply Side causes include: Rising global commodity prices, high labour costs and poor workforce skills and lack of infrastructure. Apart from the demand and supply side causes of unemployment the exchange rate from one country to another can greatly affect the unemployment rate in that region. For example, due to the technology driven labour, a lot of employment opportunities are open to countries where labour is cheaper, thus causing an increase in unemployment in the countries where labour is emigrating (ILO 2014, p.18). This migration of labour from higher economies to the lower economies places competition of employment on the higher economies as employers keep looking for economies with cheaper labour. One of the theories on unemployment rate and its relationship with the growth of economy is the Okuns law.Okuns law is a statistical analysis of the relationship that exist between the unemployment rate of a country and the economy growth of that country. (Fuhrman 2015, p.1) Okun ’s law as explained by the St Louis Federal Reserve Bank is expected to identify t he extent of the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country could be lost as a result of the unemployment rate rising more than its usually rate. Furthermore, it explains that the idea behind Okun’s law is that the amount of labour depends on output. Which implies that there exist some positive relation between employment and output (Fuhrman 2015, p.3) that is: total employment is equal to the subtraction of the unemployed from labour; thus a reverse relationship between unemployment and output. The most significant of these problems are exchange rate and the competition from the lower wage economies. The policies that will be most effective in dealing with these problems vary according to the problem. For example for Structural unemployment Investment in education and training to give workers new skills will effective. Others include Cyclical unemployment caused by a fall in consumer spending will require reduction in income tax rates which is a Fiscal policy (ILO 2014, P.36) For Cost-push inflation caused by increasing labour costs an effective policy would be to encourage immigration and investment in technology (Nitzan 2011, P.7) For the problem slowing economic growth caused by falling exports, stimulating domestic consumer spending and finding new export markets When Fiscal Monetary policy are implemented the following are possible effects Expansionary policies are likely to: Increase economic growth, reduce unemployment, and increase inflation. It was A.W. Philips(as cited in Nitzan 2011, p.3) who first examined the relationship between inflation and unemployment Contractionary policies are likely to: Reduce economic growth, increase unemployment, and reduce inflation For long term Short term or Long term effect can produce some of the effects below as further illustrated by the diagram below Demand-side policies can move an economy closer to its’ Production Possibility Frontier assuming where all resources are used Supply-side policies are needed to expand the productive potential of the economy i.e. move the PPF outward Conclusion Unemployment affects the economy in many different ways but it can be minimized by strategic Government intervention. There are policies that help to contain the effect of unemployment considering that some of the causes can be handled with some of the economic policies. However the choice of the policy has to be analyzed carefully to produce relevant result. For example reducing income tax will only increase consumer spending if the marginal propensity to consume is high. ILO (2014, P.27) pointed that Policies to reduce inflation might have a negative effect on unemployment economic growth (and vice versa) and improving education might solve the problem in the long term but not in the short term REFERENCE LIST Fuhrman, R 2015, Okuns Law: Economic Growth and Unemployment: Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/12/okuns-law.asp ILO 2014, Global Employment Trends 2014: Risk of a jobless recovery: International Labour Office. Geneva Mcgrath Native Council 2012. Causes and Effect of Unemployment: Retrieved from http://mcgrathnativecouncil.org/interesting-academic-essay-example-on-unemployment Nitzan, J. 2011, Mcroeconomic Perspectives on Inflation and Unemployment, McGill University 855 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Understanding family violence in the military is an important concern because of the unique stresses faced by military families on a daily basis that could place them at greater risk for family dysfunction. Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can create a stressful lifestyle for military families. In the mid to late 1990s advocates and activists, were able to persuade policy makers that domestic violence constituted a social problem specifically for the military. American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military personnel to nations around the world, providing servicemen opportunities to meet and socialize with local women. Immigrant status keeps many women from seeking help or leaving the abusive relationship, fearing they cant ask for help and deportation. The servicemen tried to prevent their immigrant wives from gaining independence or leaving the marriage. The militarys approach to prevent, identify and intervene with domestic violence relies heavi ly on the Family Advocacy Program (FAP). Introduction Family violence may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall stress levels associated with the military lifestyle (e.g., frequent separations, long work hours, dangerous work environment, etc.). Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can create a stressful lifestyle for military families. Studies have proven long deployments increase the chances of returning with combat trauma, as a result heightens the risk of domestic violence (Rentz et al., 2006). Understanding family violence in the military is an important concern because of the unique stresses faced by military families on a daily basis that could place them at greater risk for family dysfunction. Members of the armed forces are often required to relocate to another city, state, or country, often resulting in a disruption to family life. They also tend to work long hours and are subject to extended separations in the form of schooling, temporary assignments, or deployment, all of which may interfere with family obligations (Alvarez Sontiag, 2008). Domestic Violence in the Military: The History The Department of Defense has taken a clear stance against family violence. In 1981, Department of Defense Directive 6400.1 required each branch of military service (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps) to establish (a) a Family Advocacy Program to prevent and treat child maltreatment and spouse abuse and (b) a confidential central registry to collect and analyze Family Advocacy Program data (Department of Defense, 2004). It is unclear whether or not family violence would be more common among military families than among civilian families. Family violence may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall stress levels associated with the military lifestyle (e.g., frequent separations, long work hours, dangerous work environment, etc.). Soldiers are subject to deployments and relocations that can often lead to a separation from peers and community support networks. Frequent and extensive separations may have a profound impact on marriages, particularly those of short duration, because they present a window of opportunity for the spouse left behind to explore independence and develop other relationships. For those relocated to installations located outside of the continental United States, social and cultural isolation is fairly common (Rentz et al., 2006). There is an increasing number of active duty military (ADM) women, like their civilian counterparts, at risk for domestic violence (DV). This study illustrates active duty military womens attitudes and choices concerning the militarys policy on domestic violence. 474 ADM women from all services were interviewed via telephone. Nineteen of whom had experienced DV during their military service (Gielen et al., 2006). During the study, ADM women were afraid if they were to report domestic violence it would jeopardize their job. In fact, a higher proportion of military women thought regular screening would intensify future abuse (Gielen et al., 2006). This may be related to the military context in which there is mandatory reporting and a lack of confidentiality. United States Military Culture Gender-based violence, such as sexual harassment, rape, and domestic violence, is a global phenomenon that occurs among military families and within military communities, during peace time and in time of war. A number of researchers and activists have argued that military culture, shared norms, for example, regarding masculinity, sexuality, violence, and women, is conducive to rape and sexual harassment, as well as domestic violence (Adelman, 2003). In the United States, however, it was not until the mid to late 1990s that advocates and activists, working both within and outside of the military, were able to persuade policy makers that domestic violence constituted a social problem specifically for the military. Widespread media coverage of military-generated sexual harassment and sexual assault scandals as well as reporting of high rates of domestic violence in the U.S. military in Time magazines and 60 Minutess motivated the Department of Defense to address domestic violence in the military (Adelman, 2003). Civilian advocates for battered women as well as military personnel warn that domestic violence harms servicewomen and civilian women (and their children) who are married to military servicemen. It also has been argued that domestic violence goes against the institutional values of the military and negatively affects military readiness (Adelman, 2003). These include creation of a task force, strengthening of reporting protocols, enhancement of the Family Advocacy Program, and encouragement to create public notice between civilian and military authorities. Military policies regarding domestic violence diverge from civilian approaches in several significant ways. What constitutes a criminal violation, for example, and who substantiates a complaint of domestic violence conform to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ, n.d.). Privacy and confidentiality are not guaranteed within the military system, which mandates the reporting to unit commanders of suspected cases of domestic violence regarding personnel under their supervision. Military responses to domestic violence differ most clearly from civilian, state-based responses in that the social control mechanism doubles as the offenders employer. In the United States, the military or the military base constitutes a relatively isolated and autonomous social and legal entity that produces and is governed by its own language, norms, and laws. This reflects the idealized distance and legal division between military and civilian life in the United States, and as a result, studies of domestic violence in the U.S. military are based on a separation between the civil and the military, making it difficult to conduct comprehensive or comparative research. Orders of protection obtained in a civilian court, for example, may not be enforced within the federal jurisdiction of a military base and vice versa. Much of the concern with and research on military culture and relationships between military culture and domestic violence have been generated in the United States or in countries that host U.S. military bases, due to a number of high-profile cases of sexual harassment, rape, and domestic homicide in the U.S. military (Adelman, 2003). Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence Although the Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence (DTFDV) has made a serious attempt to address many of the concerns related to domestic violence in the military, its analysis of battering is highly flawed in key sections of the report. As a result, the report includes inappropriate recommendations for interventions and remedies. Battering is described as an individual, clinical problem in the section on training of military officers and the section on offender accountability. No attention is given to the societal attitudes and belief systems that support such violence and no distinctions are made between normal marital disputes and the pattern of power and control that characterizes domestic violence (DOD, 2004; Rosenthal McDonald, 2003). The DTFDV report strongly recommends that training be provided to military officers and presents information that should be included in such training. However, there is a troublesome emphasis within this information on anger management as a remedy in some domestic violence cases. The information states that anger management classes should only be utilized in low level emotional maltreatment cases where there has been no physical violence. Classifying any domestic violence case as low level is problematic and indicates confusion about the dynamics of this specific pattern of behavior. Domestic violence is not about everyday arguments and irritabilities between couples. The pattern of behavior that is generally defined as domestic violence involves coercive, intimidating, frightening, and controlling behavior by one partner toward another. Situations in which such a pattern is present generally involve not only emotional maltreatment but also threats of violence that can quickly escala te into physical abuse (Rosenthal McDonald, 2003). Reports of Parental Spousal Violence In the military, family violence directly jeopardizes the familys financial security. A battered wife often protects the military husband against legal proceedings initiated by the military. The military also may be more likely to protect officers accused of spousal violence as compared to enlisted soldiers. Studies indicate that children can accurately report on spousal violence. In the military, 95% of spousal violence occurs in the home and 43% of victims report that children witness the abuse. The study demonstrated that there was as general trend for more spousal violence in the military families with slapping, throwing objects, and an overall measure of violence distinguishing between the military and civilian groups. These differences persisted even when controlling for ethnic background and military rank. Spousal violence was significantly higher in commissioned officers as compared to enlisted personnel. The current study does not address whether the military environment contributes to increased spousal violence or whether individuals prone to abusive behavior are more likely to join the military (Cronin, 1995). Immigration and Domestic Violence Each year, hundreds of thousands of women enter the United States as a spouse of a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident, coming to the United States with significant disadvantages in social status and resources compared with their male partners. Women whose immigrant status is attached to their husbands U.S. citizenship enjoy somewhat greater legal protection than do undocumented immigrant women, but they too are vulnerable due to the structure of immigration law (MSCFV, n.d.). Immigrant status keeps many women from seeking help from abuse or leaving the abusive relationship. Undocumented women fear that if they ask for help, the health or social service provider will turn them in for deportation. However, even battered immigrant women with legal immigrant status feel vulnerable to deportation should they seek help. Asian and Latino immigrant women with spousal visas tied to their abusers also report that fears of deportation maintain their involvement with their batterer (Erez Bach, 2003). The United States is considered a nation of immigrants. Nevertheless, who is allowed to legally immigrate has varied over time. U.S. immigration and naturalization laws have shaped the resulting immigrant pool in terms of gender, race or nationality, sexual orientation, and marital status. Subsequent changes in immigration policy, including an amnesty initiative in the mid-1980s, led to heterosexual family reunification and an increase in the numbers of women and children who migrated to the United States. Such gendered and sexualized patterns reflect how immigration and naturalization law serves to police the purported moral as well as political boundaries of the nation. These immigration laws affect why, when, how, and with whom women immigrate and their experiences of domestic violence subsequent to arrival in the United States (Erez, Adelman, Gregory, 2009; Raj Silverman, 2002). Some women reported that the increase in emotional, sexual, and physical abuse coincided with immigration-specific activities such as entering the country, filing immigration papers, or accessing social welfare systems. The majority of women who came with their spouses reported that the transition and move to the United States altered the dynamics of the relationship: He has had more power to manipulate in the U.S. because I am illegal and depended on him and I didnt have any rights here (Erez et al., 2009). Although law is not intentionally gender biased, one that creates a status-marriage dependency, such as immigration law, makes immigrant women more vulnerable to the domestic violence power dynamic. Military Brides American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military personnel to nations around the world, providing servicemen opportunities to meet and socialize with local women. Some members of the Armed Forces stationed overseas form intimate which they are deployed, making these women military brides, namely, foreign-born women who marry U.S. military personnel. For instance, the deployment of U.S. troops in Asian countries has resulted in more than 200,000 Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, and Filipino women marrying U.S. service members and immigrating to the United States since World War II. On arrival in this country, military brides become immigrants and are subject to U.S. immigration laws, which generally give, with few exceptions, a spouse (or parent) control over the immigration status of their dependents (Erez Bach, 2003). The servicemen tried to prevent their immigrant wives from gaining independence or leaving the marriage. Some husbands prohibited the women from looking for employment. One woman stated that the violence occurred while she was on the telephone discussing a job. Another woman noted that she could only work when her abuser was out of the house. Attempts by the women to take some actions to stop the abuse also triggered violence: [Violence occurred] following meetings with an attorney or military officials (Erez Bach, 2003). Without exception, the women interviewed reported that their husbands (or fiancà © in one case) used their immigration status as a weapon against them. The abuse tactics included threats to report them to immigration authorities, to inform the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) about presumed law violations, to take away the children, or to deport the women (Erez Bach, 2003). Without any close family or friends nearby, the women did not have any semblance of the social and cultural support networks that are available to other military wives. The immigrant women could not travel home, nor could they call or communicate with relatives or friends. They were not familiar with the civilian community around them and did not have the benefit of an immigrant community to turn to for support or advice. Without the presence of family, friends, or community, the isolation and powerlessness intensified (Raj Silverman, 2002). Lack of language skills increases immigrant womens isolation, precludes access to information, and further limits their employment prospects. In responding to domestic violence in the military, special attention should be paid to women whose circumstances involve multiple vulnerabilities, such as military brides. Marital ties of immigrant women to abusive men combine military and immigration-related abuse and dependency, whether real or perceived. The study demonstrates that immigration status can become an additional weapon in the arsenal of abusive military partners. As immigrant women are often not aware of or informed about legal protections and available services, 10 immigration-related abuses can become an effective tool of control and domination. In light of the large number of intimate partnerships formed between American military personnel stationed abroad and foreign-born women, the abuse potential inherent in such relationships warrants special attention by the military in its efforts to address domestic violence (Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence, 2002). It is important to remind all who work with battered women and immigrant communities that we must do what is necessary to improve the lives of battered immigrant women and their children. Members of immigrant communities, battered womens advocates, researchers, policy makers, and most importantly, battered immigrant women must collaborate in designing these efforts. Defense Departments Family Advocacy Program The Department of Defense created a Family Advocacy Program (FAP), providing victims with resources that would help get to safety and back on their feet. The program is available on each military base, and consists of coordinated efforts designed to prevent, identify, report and treat all aspects of child abuse and neglect, and domestic abuse. Each base also has a victims advocate who work with the units FAP (DOD, 2004). Licensed counselors, psychologists and social workers make up the military victim advocate. They are knowledgeable about the process military personnel and their families can take to address domestic violence. They also have available a list of resources, therapists, and shelters that will assist victims and their families. Advocates and consultants work with the victim, advising the individual of available options (DOD, 2004). Commanding officers are ultimately responsible for maintaining good order and discipline among military personnel. Although all the Military Services provide training to assist commanding officers in understanding their roles and responsibilities related to command, the curricula and duration vary by Service. Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 6400.1 mandates that the Family Advocacy Program (FAP) office notify a service members commanding officer when an act of abuse has allegedly occurred. The directive mandates the education and training of key personnel on policy and effective measures to alleviate problems associated with child and spouse abuse. The directive, however, does not define key personnel (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The services have implemented this policy in varying ways, to include everything from individual briefings with commanding officers once they have assumed command positions on an installation to a group training format. The Army provides specific instructions on briefing commanding officers via Army Regulation 608-18, the Army FAP. The Navys guidance is outlines on OPNAVINST 1752.2A, FAP, noting that commanding officers shall ensure that the command is trained on the identification and prevention of family violence, reporting requirements, and command, community, and FAP response awareness as regular professional development training (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The Air Force provides guidance in Air Force Instruction 40-301, FAP and the Marine Corps provides guidance for commanding officer training in MCOP 1752.3B, Marine Corps FAP Standing Operation. Unit commanders at installations with a family service center should obtain a FAP brief from the FAP manager within 45 days of assuming command (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The Department of Defense does not mandate domestic violence training specifically for military commanding officers. However, the DOD advises the Services to provide education and training for key personnel. Installations vary in their interpretations of the directive, and, as a result, some programs have more depth than others. The militarys approach to prevent, identify and intervene with domestic violence relies heavily on FAP. Given they operate under the guidance of qualified mental health professionals they are readily available to assist those military personnel and their families with their needs. Summary Domestic violence includes but not limited to the willful intimidation, physical assault and battery against an intimate partner or child. It also includes emotionally abusive and controlling behavior that establishes a pattern of dominance and control (NCADV, 2005). Even though domestic violence is never acceptable, mental health professionals know firsthand how the kind of intense stress experienced by military members often leads to abusive behaviors. In the 2008 New York Times article When Strains on Military Families Turn Deadly, the authors state that studies illustrate the relationship between combat experience, trauma, and domestic violence. The article cited a 2006 study which focused on veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical center who sought marital counseling between 1997 and 2003. They found that those with PTSD were significantly more likely to perpetrate violence toward their partner. Studies like these, and reports by those who work with military personnel and their families, have many mental health practitioners, military leaders, and policymakers concerned, and determined to find solutions for countless victims, before its too late. The NYT article mentioned several instances where mental health problems associated with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars led to devastating, deadly homicides, with a service member killing his spouse, or child, and sometimes turning the gun on himself afterwards (Alvarez Sontiag, 2008). Future research is needed that explores family violence in all branches of the military. Studies should also focus on the simultaneous occurrence of child maltreatment and spouse abuse in military families. The civilian and military communities are urged to work toward using common definitions and practices to facilitate comparison of rates among the populations. It is important to further examine service availability and utilization to determine the impact on family violence. References: Adelman, M. (2003). The Military, Militarism and the Militarization of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 9: 1118-1152. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255292. Alvarez, L. Sontiag, D. (2008, February 15). When strains on military families turn deadly. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2HYPERLINK http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2_r=1HYPERLINK http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2_r=1_r=1 Cronin, C. (1995). Adolescent reports of parental spousal violence in Military and civilian families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10: 117-122. DOI: 10.1177/088626095010001008. Department of Defense. (2004). Department of Defense Directive 6400.1. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/640001p.pdf Erez, E. Bach, S. (2003). Immigration, domestic violence, and the military: The case of Military Brides. Violence Against Women, 9: 1093-1117. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255289. Erez, E., Adelman, M. Gregory, C. (2009). Intersections of immigration and domestic violence: Voices of battered immigrant women. Feminist Criminology, 4: 32-56. DOI: 10.1177/1557085108325413. Gielen, A., Campbell, J., Garza, M. A., OCampo, P., Dienemann, J., Kub, J., Lloyd, D. W. (2006). Domestic Violence in the Military: Womens Policy Preferences and Beliefs Concerning Routine Screening and Mandatory Reporting. Military Medicine, 171(8), 729-735. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Klimp, J. W. Tucker, T.T. (2001). Domestic violence. Arlington, VA: Task Force Mid-Shore Council on Family Violence. (n.d.). Domestic violence immigrant victims. Retrieved from http://www.mscfv.org/dvstat.html National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2005). Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.ncadv.org/aboutus.php Raj, A. Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women: The roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 8: 367-398. DOI: 10.1177/10778010222183107. Rentz, D.E., Martin, S.L., Gibbs, D.A., Clinton-Sherrod, M. Hardison, J. Marshall, S. (2006). Family violence in the military: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 7: 93-108. DOI: 10.1177/1524838005285916. Rosenthal, L. McDonald, S. (2003). Seeking justice: A review of the second report of the defense task force on domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 9: 1153-1161. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255549. Uniform Code of Military Justice. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ucmj.htm Part II: A Reflection Piece The Family Justice Center Abstract The Family Justice Center (FJC) is just that, a multi-agency service center for victims of family violence and their children. FJC is comprised of multiple community partners. With my legal background interning with the legal network was the best fit. My role consisted of screening domestic violence (DV) victims, assisting in the process of obtaining a temporary restraining order (TRO) and providing court support. As a certified paralegal and currently studying forensic psychology I am finding it somewhat difficult to overstep my boundaries in performing dual roles. The most challenging policy to adhere is the qualifications for obtaining a TRO. It is difficult to determine what qualification constitutes someone as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to get beaten before applying for a TRO? At what point do we justify what qualifies? One of the laws that we do follow is the Dr. Jackie Campbells Danger Assessment. The Danger Assessment (DA) was originally developed by Co-Inv estigator Campbell with consultation and content validity support from battered women, shelter workers, law enforcement officials, and other clinical experts on battering. As every multi-disciplinary team is unique, it is important to be aware of strategies to address challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary teams. Whether it is defining roles, setting boundaries, or ensuring all team members can contribute equally, strategies like these can help multi-disciplinary teams address challenges they often encounter. Introduction There are many forensic psychology settings in which forensic psychology professionals may work. Forensic psychology professionals may work with offenders in the courts, in prisons, in halfway houses, or in community settings. Forensic psychology professionals may also work with crime victims in settings such as domestic violence shelters. There are many reasons why I chose the forensic psychology setting I did for my field experience. The Family Justice Center The Family Justice Center (FJC) focuses on creating a network nationally and internationally minimizing family violence. The center also provides, training, consultation and host conferences. The FJC is comprised of multiple professionals and services such as a military liaison, mental health services, a law enforcement department, and a legal department. The FJC is just that, a multi-agency service center for victims of family violence and their children. This center offers children with close working relationships, shared training and technical assistance, collaborative learning processes, and coordinated funding assistance (FJC, 2009). The FJC legal networks mission statement is to provide convenient and free legal services to victims of domestic violence (FJC, 2009). FJC goes above and beyond their mission statement. They provide additional resources and centers their attention only on the individual client. They provide a child care center for clients with children, a waiting room filled with drinks and snacks is provided as well as small therapy rooms equipped with comfortable sofas. The therapy room is where assessments are conducted for privacy purposes. Roles and Responsibilities FJC is comprised of multiple community partners. With my legal background interning with the legal network was the best fit. My role consisted of screening domestic violence (DV) victims, assisting in the process of obtaining a temporary restraining order (TRO) and providing court support at court hearings. Once the screening is conducted, I consult with my supervising attorney to determine if the client has qualifying elements to proceed with a TRO. To qualify for a TRO through FJC, a client must have one of the following relationships to the person they want restrained: Spouse or former spouse Person with whom you share(d) a living space Have or had a dating/engagement relationship Parents of a child Relative to the second degree (grandparents, but not cousins) The person they wish to have restrained must ALSO have committed one of these acts: Recent physical violence Recent threats of physical violence Harassment Recent sexual assault or molestation Stalking Verbal abuse (only when very severe) (FJC, 2009). Ethical Issues The FJC takes every precaution to follow all ethical codes set upon all professionals within the organization. As I mentioned before the FJC is comprised of various professionals such as detectives, counselors/psychologists and attorneys. Each professional has its own ethical codes to follow. The legal department follows same ethical codes related to confidentiality and release of information (APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 4; AP-LS, 2008: Specialty Guideline 10). Each client is required to go through two screenings before they move forward with the legal department. A psychologist screens them and if there are visible injuries, the client is seen by a forensic medical examiner. At this time, a release authorization form of the photos is signed by client. This gives the organization permission to use the photos as evidence for court hearings. Each client is required to sign a confidentiality agreement form prior to meeting with the legal department. As stated above the organization is also comprised of police officers and detectives. Police officers and detectives have their own ethical codes to follow. At times a client would arrive and would also like to file a police report. At the moment the client is allowed to file a report. At no time can the psychologist or attorney be present during this time. If a third party was present during this time, the third party is entitled to testify in court as a witness for the criminal case. It can get pretty complicated. I ran into this problem when assisting with the client that was a detective. As a certified paralegal and currently studying forensic psychology I found it somewhat difficult not to overstep my boundaries in performing dual roles (APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 3; AP-LS, 2008: Specialty Guidelines 6). Part of my responsibility prior to assisting with the TRO I have to screen them to determine if they have enough evidence to move forward with a TRO. Sometimes I find myself steering towards a psychological assessment only to remember that Im screening for legal purposes. Legal Issues With the legal field come many laws, regulations and procedures. The most challenging policy to adhere is the